Young women's leisure time physical activity determinants: a mixed methods approach.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to analyze the habits, motives and barriers related to Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) among young women of Gipuzkoa, from a mixed approach. Methods: A total of 526 women aged 18-29 (24.60 ± 3.30 years) responded to the Gipuzkoa Women's Physical Activity Questionnaire (GWPAQ), seven of which were later interviewed. Results: The main motives for LTPA were intrapersonal - related to health and enjoyment - and to interpersonal networks. However, the main barriers facing LTPA were mostly intrapersonal, such as lack of time, tiredness, and laziness. Contextual factors such as the availability of safe spaces, previous negative experiences, or negative self-perception of motor competence also emerged as conditioning factors in young women's LTPA habits. Discussion: This study may help to promote policies aimed at incentivizing LTPA for young women based on their needs and interests, by addressing the diversity of factors.

Design and Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess the Leisure Time Physical Activity of Adult Women in Gipuzkoa.

Inactivity is higher among women than among men, and there are few specific questionnaires used to assess physical activity (PA) in women that are truly meaningful to them. This article tackles the design and validation process of an ad hoc multidimensional questionnaire to assess leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among adult women of Gipuzkoa. The questionnaire was completed by 3595 adult women (43.5 ± 12.1 years), 32% of which were inactive and 68% of which were active. Content validation, ecological validation, and internal consistency analysis results were satisfactory. The Gipuzkoa Women's Physical Activity Questionnaire (GWPAQ) consists of four dimensions and 21 items. Barriers to PA were found related to intrapersonal, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects. The importance of family and spousal support in increasing PA levels was also observed. It is concluded that the GWPAQ is valid for obtaining evidence that can be used by public institutions to optimise women-specific PA promotion policies.

(Re)construcción de identidades sociales en entornos penitenciarios: Las presas deportistas / (Re)construction of social identities in penitentiary environments: imprisoned sportswomen / (Re) construção de identidades sociais em contextos penitenciários: barragens esportivas

El objetivo de este artículo fue explorar el significado que las diferentes prácticas físicas realizadas en prisión adquirían para las mujeres con respecto a las relaciones interpersonales, y asociarlo con la fase de construcción de su nueva identidad desarrollada durante el encarcelamiento. A partir de una investigación cualitativa donde se entrevistó a 16 mujeres de entre 23 y 62 años que participaron en actividades físico-deportivas dentro del centro penitenciario, los resultados señalaron que dichas actividades constituyeron una vía de resocialización para las mujeres encarceladas. Este aumento de relaciones interpersonales influyó en su (re)categorización, reforzando considerablemente su pertenencia a un nuevo grupo que buscaba a través de las prácticas físicas alejarse de las adicciones propias del medio carcelario y construir una nueva identidad positiva que generase un aumento en su bienestar psico-sociológico

The aim of this article was to explore how diffent physical activities assisted in the development of interpersonal relationships and the self-construction of new identities for a group of women prisoners during their period of incarceration. Using qualitative research, sixteen women between the ages of 23 and 62 were interviewed, all of whom had participated in sport and physical activities within the prison. It was found that those activities constituted a new way of socialising for imprisoned women. Such increase of interpersonal relationship influenced participants' (re)categorization, reinforcing considerably their belongness into a new group who attempted, through physical practices, to move away from addictions associated with the prison environment and build up a new positive identity that would improve their psycho-social well-being

O objetivo deste artigo foi explorar o significado que diferentes práticas físicas na prisão adquiriram para as mulheres em relação às relações interpessoais, e associá-la à fase de construção de sua nova identidade desenvolvida durante o encarce ramento. A partir de uma investigação qualitativa onde foram entrevistadas 16 mulheres entre 23 e 62 anos de idade que participaram de atividades físico-esportivas no centro penitenciário, os resultados indicaram que essas atividades constituíram uma forma de ressocialização para mulheres encarceradas. Esse aumento nas relações interpessoais in.uenciou em sua (re)categorização, reforçando consideravelmente sua pertença a um novo grupo que buscou através de práticas físicas afastarem-se dos vícios do meio prisional e construir uma nova identidade positiva que gera um aumento no bem-estar psico-sociológico

Physical activity practiced by incarcerated women: A systematic review.

Our aim doing this systematic review was to identify and analyze studies about women prison inmates' engagement in sport and physical activities (SPAs). The review was conducted in three areas - SPAs, prison and women - and based on information obtained from different databases. Through a selection process, we singled out 33 empirical and review studies, the quality of which was analyzed. From our analysis, we learn that the benefits women prison inmates derive from SPAs are considerable, although they also reveal that obstacles exist to be overcome if their levels of participation are to rise.

Number of Players and Relative Pitch Area per Player: Comparing Their Influence on Heart Rate and Physical Demands in Under-12 and Under-13 Football Players.

The aim of the present study is to analyse the influence of different large-sided games (LSGs) on the physical and physiological variables in under-12s (U12) and -13s (U13) soccer players. The effects of the combination of different number of players per team, 7, 9, and 11 (P7, P9, and P11, respectively) with three relative pitch areas, 100, 200, and 300 m(2) (A100, A200, and A300, respectively), were analysed in this study. The variables analysed were: 1) global indicator such as total distance (TD); work:rest ratio (W:R); player-load (PL) and maximal speed (Vmax); 2) heart rate (HR) mean and time spent in different intensity zones of HR (<75%, 75-84%, 84-90% and >90%), and; 3) five absolute (<8, 8-13, 13-16 and >16 Km h(-1)) and three relative speed categories (<40%, 40-60% and >60% Vmax). The results support the theory that a change in format (player number and pitch dimensions) affects no similarly in the two players categories. Although it can seem that U13 players are more demanded in this kind of LSG, when the work load is assessed from a relative point of view, great pitch dimensions and/or high number of player per team are involved in the training task to the U12 players. The results of this study could alert to the coaches to avoid some types of LSGs for the U12 players such as: P11 played in A100, A200 or A300, P9 played in A200 or A300 and P7 played in A300 due to that U13>U12 in several physical and physiological variables (W:R, time spent in 84-90%HRmax, distance in 8-13 and 13-16 Km h(-1) and time spent in 40-60%Vmax). These results may help youth soccer coaches to plan the progressive introduction of LSGs so that task demands are adapted to the physiological and physical development of participants.

Detección y aplicación de T-Patterns en la escalada de élite / Detecção e aplicação de T-Patterns em escalada elite / Detection and application of T-Patterns in elite climbing

El presente trabajo constituye un ejemplo de la potencia informativa de los T-patterns -estructuras regulares y temporales de conductas obtenidas mediante el software Theme, versión 6.0- y de su aplicación, por primera vez, al conocimiento estratégico-táctico de un deporte que ha sido residualmente estudiado como es la escalada deportiva. En el seno de la metodología observacional se ha construido ad hoc el instrumento de observación Sport Climbing Observation Tool (SCOT) que ha permitido detectar T-patterns que reflejan el comportamiento desarrollado en la ascensión de la vía -presa, mano de agarre, inicio y final de contacto, chapaje, uso de magnesio y descansos- por los mejores escaladores -modalidad Lead- que participaron en el Campeonato del Mundo de 2011, celebrado en Arco (Italia). Mediante la información contenida en los T-patterns detectados se ha caracterizado la ascensión en tramos (inicial, medio y final), describiéndose operativamente la manera en la que los mejores escaladores del mundo cumplimentan la ascensión de la vía

Este trabalho é um exemplo do poder informativo dos T-patterns -estruturas regulares e temporários de comportamento obtidas por software Theme, versão 6.0- e sua implementação, pela primeira vez, o conhecimento estratégico e tático de um esporte que tem sido pouco estudada como escalada desportiva. No âmbito da metodologia observacional foi construído ad hoc o instrumento de observação Sport Climbing Observation Tool (SCOT), que detectou T-patterns que refletem o comportamento desenvolvido na ascensão da via -presa, aperto de mão, início e fim de contato, chapaje, uso de magnésio e pausas- para os melhores escaladores -modalidade Lead- que participaram no Campeonato do Mundo de 2011, realizada em Arco (Itá- lia). Usando as informações contidas nos T-patterns detectados, a ascensão foi marcada em seções (inicial, meio e fim), descrevendo operacionalmente a maneira pela qual os melhores escaladores do mundo cheio na subida da via (AU)

This work is an example of the informative power of T-patterns -regular and temporal structures of obtained behaviours by the software Theme, version 6.0- and the application for first time, in the strategic and technical knowledge of sport that has been little studied such as sport climbing. Within observational methodology it has been built ad hoc observational instrument Sport Climbing Observation Tool (SCOT) that has detected T-patterns that reflect the behaviour developed in the route ascent - hold, hand, hand contact time, quickdrawing, chalk and rest- for the best climbers -Lead modality- who participated in the 2011 World Championship, held in Arco (Italy). By the information obtain with T-patterns, the ascension was marked in sections (initial, middle and end), describing the manner in which the best climbers in the world complete the ascent of the route (AU)

Uso del espacio en pelota vasca en edad escolar: aplicación del análisis secuencial / Uso do espaço nas categorias de formação de pelota basca: aplicação da análise sequencial / Use of space in basque pelota training categories: application of sequential analysis

El presente estudio aborda la búsqueda de patrones de conducta asociados al uso del espacio llevadas a cabo por jugadores benjamines (8-10 años) y alevines (10-12 años) de pelota a mano que participan en deporte escolar. La muestra estuvo compuesta por doce partidos (60 jugadores), seis de benjamines (30 jugadores) y seis de alevines (30 jugadores). El registro se llevó a cabo mediante un instrumento de observación diseñado ad hoc para analizar el uso estratégico del espacio realizado, que incluía los siguientes criterios: zona de golpeo y dirección del saque, resto y golpeos de intercambio. A partir del análisis secuencial de retardos se estimaron patrones de conducta para ambas edades, encontrando una mayor cantidad, variedad y longitud de comportamientos de los jugadores alevines respecto a los benjamines. Los golpeos de los alevines se iniciaron y finalizaron en todas las zonas de la cancha y combinaron direcciones de la pelota tanto en el eje lateral (izquierda y derecha) como longitudinal (media y corta distancia). Su aplicación en el ámbito de la iniciación permitirá a los técnicos implementar estrategias de intervención adecuadas con el objetivo de optimizar las respuestas motrices dadas por los jugadores (AU)

Este estudo aborda a busca de padrões de comportamento associados com o uso do espaço ocupado por jogadores sub-10 e sub-12 de pelota basca que participam nos esportes escolares. A amostra foi constituída de doze jogos (60 jogadores), seis por grupo etário (30 jogadores por grupo etário). O registro é realizado através de um instrumento de observação ad hoc para analisar o uso estratégico do espaço, incluindo os seguintes critérios: áreas em que a bola é batida e endereço de serviço, de serviço e de câmbio espancamentos. Os conjuntos de dados foram analisados por análise sequencial e revelou diferenças nos padrões de comportamento de uso de espaço entre os dois grupos etários, entre os quais se destacam: uma maior quantidade, variedade e comprimento de comportamentos relativos a jogadores mais velhos. As batidas de sub-12 foram iniciadas e concluídas em todas as áreas da pista e as direções são combinados em ambos os eixos, lateral (esquerda e direita) e longitudinal (distância média e curta). A sua aplicação no campo da iniciação vai permitir aos técnicos para programar estratégias de intervenção adequadas, a fim de optimizar o comportamento dos jogadores (AU)

This study addresses the search for behavior patterns associated with the use of space taken by under-10 and under-12 hand pelota players participating in school sports. Twelve games (60 players), six per age group (30 players per age group), were observed, coded, and recorded using an ad hoc observation instrument designed to analyze the strategic use of space, including the following criteria: ball hit areas and serve, service return and exchange beatings directions. The data sets were analyzed by lag sequential analysis and revealed differences in space use behavior patterns between the two age groups, with the older players showing a more quantity, variety and length of behaviors. The ball hits of under-12 were initiated and completed in all areas of the court and directions are combined in both lateral (left and right) and longitudinal (medium and short distance) axis. Its application in the field of school sport will enable technicians to implement appropriate intervention strategies in order to optimize the behavior of players (AU)

The influence of scoring targets and outer-floaters on attacking and defending team dispersion, shape and creation of space during small-sided soccer games.

The effect of altered game formats on team performances during soccer practice can be harnessed by coaches to stimulate specific tactical behaviours. The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of using (i) small goals [SG], (ii) goalkeepers [7G] and (iii) floaters [7GF] on the dispersion, shape and available space of teams during small-sided games (SSGs). Twenty-four male soccer players were distributed into four teams composed of five players, two goalkeepers and two floaters that performed six SSG bouts of 6 min, interspersed with 6 min of passive recovery. Offensive and defensive phases were also analysed separately in order to verify the preservation of basic principles of attacking (teams more stretched to create free space) and defending (teams more compact to tie-up space) during SSGs. The variables used to characterize the collective behaviour were: length [L], width [W], team shape [Sh], and team separateness [TS]. Results revealed that the teams showed different collective behaviours depending on SSG format and a playing phase: a) L and W were higher in attack than in defence in all SSGs; b) team shapes were more elongated in defence in all SSGs except SG; c) the space separating players from their closest opponents (TS) was shorter in 7G; and d) SG and 7GF elicited greater defensive openness due to increased team width. The results suggest that manipulating task constraints, such as goal size, presence or absence of goalkeepers and floaters can be harnessed by coaches to shape distinct team tactical behaviours in SSGs while preserving the basic principles of attacking and defending.

Aplicación de la TG en el deporte para el estudio de la fiabilidad, validez y estimación de la muestra / Application of the generalizability theory in sport to study the validity, reliability and estimation of smaples / Aplicação da tg no desporto para o estudo da validade, fidelidade e estimação da amostra

La Teoría de la Generalizabilidad (TG) es una teoría de los errores multifaceta que asume que cualquier situación de medida posee infinitas fuentes de variación. En este sentido esta teoría puede aplicarse en el ámbito de la observación con la intención de conocer lainfluencia de estas fuentes de error sobre la medida. De todas las posibilidades, en este trabajo se presentan, a modo de ejemplo, tres aplicaciones de la TG en las primeras fases de una investigación en el ámbito observacional: 1) para el estudio de la validez, 2) para la estimación de la muestra; y, 3) para el estudio de la fiabilidad. Actualmente existen aplicaciones informáticas (GT, EduG o, recientemente, SAGT) que facilitan la implementación de este tipo de análisis que permiten al investigador contar con recursos procedimentales para que las decisiones que tiene que tomar en el proceso de investigación puedan estar justificadas antes de ser implementadas como la muestra necesaria para poder generalizar con precisión o disponer de una herramienta de observación válida y fiable para afrontar el arduo proceso de codificación y registro de las conductas acontecidas en los contextos naturales donde se aplican

The generalizability theory (G theory) is a multifaceted error theory that assumes that any measurement situation possesses infinite sources of variation. In the field of observation, it can therefore be applied to determine the influence of these sources of error on measurements. By way of an example, this paper describes three applications of the G theory in the initial stages of observational research: 1) to study validity; 2) to estimate the required sample size; and 3) to study reliability. Currently available software applications (such as GT, EduG or, recently, SAGT) make it easier to conduct this kind of analysis and they provide researchers with procedures for ensuring that the decisions they need to make during the research process are justified prior to being implemented; for instance, calculating the required sample size so as to ensure the accurate generalization of results, or constructing a valid reliable observational instrument that can meet the arduous task of coding and recording behaviour in natural contexts

A Teoria da Generalização (TG) é uma teoria de erros multifacetada que assume que qualquer situação de medida possui infinitas fontes de variação. Neste sentido, esta teoria pode ser aplicada no âmbito da observação com a intenção de conhecer a influência destas fontes de erro sobre a medida. De todas estas possibilidades, neste trabalho apresentam-se, a título de exemplo, três aplicações da TG nas primeiras fases de uma investigação no âmbito observacional: 1) para o estudo da validade, 2) para a estimativa da amostra; e, 3) para o estudo da fidelidade. Actualmente existem aplicações informáticas (GT, EduG ou, recentemente, SAGT) que facilitam a implementação deste tipo de análise que permitem ao investigador contar com recursos procedimentais para que a decisões que tem que tomar no processo de investigação possam ser justificadas antes de serem implementadas como a amostra necessária para poder generalizar com precisão ou dispor de uma ferramenta de observação válida e fiável para levar a cabo o processo de codificação e registo dos comportamentos, nos contextos naturais onde decorrem

La Teoría de la Generalizabilidad en las primeras fases del m¨¦todo observacional aplicado en el ámbito de la iniciación deportiva: calidad del dato y estimación de la muestra / Generalizability theory in the early stages of the observational method applied in the field of sports initiation: data quality and sample size estimation

Este trabajo aborda, desde la metodología observacional, el estudio de las primeras etapas del proceso de iniciación deportiva, en cuanto a la fiabilidad y estimación de la muestra, a partir del uso de la Teoría de la Generalizabilidad. El propósito de este estudio fue 1) analizar la calidad del dato de la herramienta de observación configurada ad hoc aplicada a la pelota vasca; 2) conocer la precisión de generalización a partir de una hipotética codificación y registro de diferente número de partidos. Para ello se calcularon las Kappas de Fleiss y Cohen, y se implementaron análisis de la varianza y de generalizabilidad. Los resultados muestran que la herramienta observacional permitió obtener un registro fiable una vez realizado el proceso formativo de los observadores (Kappas por encima de .80 y variabilidad de los observadores próxima a 0) y, por otro, estimar el nivel de precisión en la generalización (coeficiente de generalizabilidad, ξρ2 (Δ)) a partir de la codificación de 4 (ξρ2 (Δ) = .87), 6 (ξρ2 (Δ) = .91), 8 (ξρ2 (Δ) = .93), 10 (ξρ2 (Δ) = .95) o 15 (ξρ2 (Δ) = .96) partidos. Los resultados del estudio permiten concluir que se dispone de una herramienta para la evaluación de la acción de juego aplicable en las etapas formativas de pelota vasca y el número de partidos necesarios para generalizar con un grado de precisión particular (AU)

This paper addresses, from the observational methodology, the study of early stages of sports initiation, in terms of reliability and estimation of the sample, from the use of the Generalizability Theory. The purpose of this study was: 1) to analyse data quality of the ad hoc observational tool applied to Basque pelota, 2) to learn about the accuracy of generalizing from a hypothetical coding and recording of different numbers of games. Fleiss and Cohen´s Kappa coefficients were calculated, and an analysis of variance and generalizability were implemented. The results show that the observational tool allowed us to obtain a reliable record once the observers training process had been performed (Kappas above .80 and variability of the observers close to 0) and, secondly, to estimate the level of accuracy generalization (generalizability coefficient, ξρ2 (Δ) from the coding of 4 (ξρ2 (Δ) = .87), 6 ξρ2 (Δ) = .91), 8 ξρ2 (Δ) = . 93), 10 ξρ2 (Δ) = .95) or 15 (ξρ2 (Δ = .96) matches. Study results support the conclusion that we have a tool for evaluating the game that is applicable in the formative stages of Basque pelota, and the number of games necessary to generalize with a particular degree of accuracy (AU)

Estudio de la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo en tareas de entrenamiento en fútbol a través de la teoría de la generalizabilidad / Study of perceived exertion in soccer training tasks with the generalizability theory

El propósito de este trabajo fue conocer la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo en futbolistas (a través de la escala de 10 puntos) durante la realización de juegos reducidos dentro del proceso de entrenamiento. 14 jugadores amateurs realizaron 27 situaciones de juego reducido en nueve sesiones de entrenamiento alterando el orden, la orientación del espacio y el número de jugadores por equipo de las tareas. Dentro del Modelo General Lineal (GLM), con estas tres facetas, se realizó un análisis de la varianza y se estimó la precisión de generalización. Además se realizó el análisis de ANOVA para conocer el grado de significación de las diferencias entre variables. Los resultados indican que tanto la modificación en la orientación del espacio como en el número de jugadores por equipo influyen en la percepción de la intensidad de la tarea por parte de los jugadores, aumentando la percepción del esfuerzo cuando el espacio no está orientado y se reduce el número de jugadores. La faceta orden no aportó variabilidad al modelo. Se puede concluir que la modificación de las variables de orientación del espacio y número de jugadores por equipo en las tareas permite a los entrenadores optimizar el proceso de entrenamiento en fútbol (AU)

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the perceived exertion by soccer players (on a 10-point scale) during brief side-games during the training process. A total of 14 amateurs took part in 27 brief side-games over nine training sessions that altered the order, spatial orientation and number of players per team. The variance was analysed through the General Linear Model (GLM) with these three facets and the accuracy of generalization was estimated. Furthermore, an ANOVA analysis was performed to determine the degree of significance of the differences between variables. The results indicate that both the change in spatial orientation and number of players per team affect the perception of the task’s intensity, improving the players’ perception when the space is not oriented and the number of players is reduced, while the order facet did not provide the model with any variability. We conclude that the inclusion and modification of the orientation and number of players per team variables allow coaches to optimize the training process in soccer (AU)